Reported speech

We use reported speech to report what another person has said, without quoting their exact words.

Direct speech : reported speech

• "I'm a witness to a crime." : He said that he was a witness to a crime.

In formal language, we use that to begin the clause that contains the reported speech. In informal language, we can omit that.

• "I'm going to call the police," said the man. : The man said (that) he was going to call the police.

Remember that we don't use inverted commas ("...") in reported speech.

• "There has been a burglary," said the police officer. : The police officer said (that) there had been a burglary.

Vocabulary unit 3

Travel and adventure:

Book: reservar
Catch (a plane): agafar (un avió)
Explore: explorar
Go (swimming): anar a (nedar)
Go on an adventure: tenir una aventura
Go on holiday: anar de vacances
Hire: alquilar
Spend (a day): passar (un dia)
Sunbathe: prendre el sol
Take a trip: fer un viatge
Take a photograph: fer una fotografia

Travel and adventure: nouns:

Bungee jump: salt de pont
Crevasse: creuer
Desert: desert
Sunburn: cremada del sol
Suntan: bronzejat
Survival: supervivència
Travel agent: agència de viatges

Linkers of contrast:

In spite of: a pesar de
Despite: a pesar de
Although: encara que
Though: encara que
Despite the fact that: a pesar de que
In spite of the fact that: a pesar de que

Linkers of purpose and reason:

In order to: per tal de
So as to: per tal de
To: per tal de
So (that): per tal de
As: perquè
Because: perquè
Since: perquè
Because of: a causa de

Linkers of result:

So....that: tant....SN....que
Such....that: tant.....Adj......que

Adverbs:

Amazingly:sorprenentment
Unfortunately: per desgràcia
Luckily: per sort
Really: realment/en realitat
Extremely: extremadament
Very: molt
Patiently: amb paciència
Quickly: ràpidament
Desperately: desesperadament

Other words:

Times goes by: el temps pasa
Time flies: el temps vola
Compass: brúixola
Junkies: adictes
Skydiving: ala delta
Challenge: repte
Reef: coral
Set up: engegar
Breath: alineto
Arrived in: arribar a (una ciutat)
Arrived at: arribar a (un lloc)
Youth hostel: albergue

Linkers of result

We can use the following linkers to talk about the result or effect of something:

So + adjective + that clause.

• It's so cold today that I had to borrow a snow coat.

So + adverb + that clause.

• Sometimes the temperature falls so quickly that my breath freezes instantly.

Such + a (n) + adjective + singular noun + that clause.

• It's such a beautiful country that I'd like to stay till Christmas.

Such + adjective + uncountable noun + that clause.

• It has such bad weather that it's often too dangerous to go out.

Linkers of purpose and reason

We can use the following linkers to talk about the purpose of an action:

• To/in order (not) to/so as (not) to + infinitive.

I hired a car to tour the island.
I started the website in order to save money.
He went to Alaska so as to experience something new.
He left early in order not to miss his flight home.

• So/so that + clause. We often omit the word that in informal or spoken English. We often use these linkers with can/can't/could/will/won't/wouldn't.

I'd love to go to Alaska so I can have a white Christmas!
He took a notebook so that he could write about his holiday.


We can use the following linkers to talk about the reason for an action or event:

• As/because/since + clause.

As the flight was cancelled, we stayed an extra night.
James started the website because he wanted to travel.
Since the weather was bad, we spent the day at the hotel.

• Because of + noun/noun phrase.

He couldn't go jet-skiing because of the bad weather.

Linkers of contrast

We can use the following linkers to express a contrast:

Although/though + clause. Although and though have the same meaning, but though is more common in informal English.

• So far James has visited five countries, although he has only spent tne euros!
• Though the website started recently, James has had lots of offers.

Despite the fact that/in spite of the fact that + clause.

• We bought the tickets despite the fact that they were expensive.
• In spite of the fact that he has very little money, James has travelled a lot.
  

Despite/in spite of + noun/pronoun or gerund.

• In spite of all the discount offered by travel agents, going on holiday can still be expensive.
• Despite having little money James Beck has found a way to travel the world for free!

Complex clauses

A complex clause gives us extra information about a sentence. It is introduced by a linking word or phrase. These words and phrases are also known as "linkers".
Complex clauses can express a range of meanings depending on the linker that is used. For example:

• Contrast. Linkers include: although, though, in spite or the fact that, despite the fact that
• Purpose. Linkers include: so (that)
• Reason. Linkers include: because, as, since
• Result. Linkers include: so...that, such...that

REMEMBER!

When a complex clause begins a sentence, we use a comma to separate the two clauses:

• Although he was scared, he still did the bungee jump.

Brandom Flowers (little biography)

Brandon Richard Flowers was born on June 21, 1981. He is an American musician, best known as the frontman, vocalist, and keyboardist of the Las Vegas-based rock band The Killers. He announced his solo career on April 29, 2010 on The Killers official website.

The first single from Flamingo, "Crossfire", was released on June 21 (Flowers' birthday) and the video was released on July 8. The album was done on September 14 in the US and Canada, and September 6 in the UK and Ireland. The album leaked onto the internet on September 4, 2010.