Vocabulary unit 1

Education: verbs

Achieve: aconseguir
Cheat: trucs
Copy: copiar
Fail: suspendre
Get a high mark: obtenir una nota alta
Get a low mark: obtenir una nota baixa
Pass: aprovar
Panic: tenir por/ estressar-se
Retake: tornar a fer
Revise: revisar
Study: estudiar
Take: fer

Education: nouns

Primary school: escola primària
Secondary school: institut
Subject: assignatura
Uniform: uniforme
University: universitat

Adjective, verb and noun prefixes

Anti-learning: no aprendre
Anti-war: contra la guerra
Co-educational: coeducatiu
Coexist: coexistir
Cooperation: cooperació
Misbehave: portar-se malament
Misprint: error d'impremta
Misunderstand: malinterpretar
Outperform: superar
Outplay: fora de joc
Outrun: passar-se
Overcharge: sobrecarga
Overconfident: excés de confianza
Overwork: excés de treball
Rewrite: tornar a escriure
Redo: refer
Underachieve: no aconseguir
Underestimate: subestimar/ infravalorar

False friend

Advise: aconsellar
Attend: asistir a
Career: tots els llocs de treball
College: institut
Lecture: confèrencia
Library: biblioteca
Realize: donar-se compte
Success: éxit

Other words

Tips: consells
Investment: inversions
I'm looking forward: estic esperant amb il.lusió
Either......or.........: o......o........
Neither.....nor.......: ni.....ni.......
I have to borrow: he demanat prestats
Lend: prestar
Worth it: val la pena
Punished: castigar
However: sin embargo
On the other hand: d'altra banda

Linkers of addition

In the middle of a sentence:
-Also

At the end of a sentence:
-Too
-As well

At the beginning of a sentence:
-In addition
-Furthermore
-Moreover
-What's more

Non-defining relative clauses

Non-defining relative clauses give extra information which is not essential about the noun that they follow. If we remove the relative clause, the sentence still makes sense.

This sentence is already complete, but we can add extra information to it in a non-defining relative clause.
Walter Turnbull has just passed and A-level in Spanish.
Walter Turnbull, who is 81 years old, has just passed and A-level in Spanish.

We cannot omit the relative pronoun from a non-defining relative clause (His teachers at Lancaster College, where he took the exam, are delighted).

We always use commas to separate the non-defining clause from the rest of the sentence (Walter, whose grandaughter Tess also did the exam, now has 39 A-levels!).

We can combine two simple sentences by using a non-defining relative clause.
Jaime's sister is called Pilar. She's a teacher.

• Jaime's sister, who's a teacher, is called Pilar.
• Jaime's sister, who's called Pilar, is a teacher.

Remember!

• We never use that ina non-defining relative clause.
• We always use who or which.

Defining relative clauses

Defining relative clauses give essential information about the noun that they follow. Without the relative clause the sentence would be incomplete and would not make sense.

This sentence is incomplete - it needs a defining relative clause.

• She's the teacher.......... She's the teacher who gave interesting lessons.
• Maths is the subject........... Maths is the subject that gives me most problems.
• I never understand any explanations........... I never understand any explanations which Mr Mitchell gives.

Omission of relative pronouns

We can omit the relative pronoun if it is the object of the relative clause.

• That's the film (that/which) we saw.
• He's the teacher (that/who) I can't stand.

We often omit the relative pronouns that, which and who in speech.

Remember!

• We cannot omit the relative pronoun whose.

Who's and whose

Don't confuse who's and whose in relative clauses.

Whose is a relative pronoun which refers to possession.

• He's the person whose achievements I admire the most.

Who's is the contracted form of who is or who has.

• He's the one who's very intelligent (=who is).
• He's the boy who's lived in Kosovo (=who has).

Relative pronouns

That, when, where, which, who, whose:

We use relative pronouns to add a new clause (the relative clause) to sentence. We choose a relative pronoun that refers to the noun before the relative clause.

We use who and that to refer to people (The girl who/that works ate the library is very friendly).

We use which and that to refer to things (School is the place which/that gives you an education).

We use when to refer to time (There are times when my mind goes completely blank during his lessons).

We use where to refer to spaces and places (You need to find a room where you can study properly).

We use whose to express possession (There isn't anyone in the class whose marks are worse than mine).

Vocabulary unit 0

Pretty: bastant
Although: encara que
Waves: saludar
Rarely: rarament
Already: ja
Since: des de
For: durant
Had: havia
Fortnight: quincena
What was it like?: com va anar?
Busy: ocupat
Apply for: solicitar
Find out: esbrinar
Anyway: igualment
Used to: acostumava a
As soon as: tan aviat com
Earn: guanyar
I've just: he acabat de
Used to look: cuidar
Pickpocket: carterista
While: mentres
In a while: durant un temps
Ski lopes: pista d'esquí
Straightaway: ara
Be able: poder